{"id":7881,"date":"2026-05-06T14:23:28","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T14:23:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hengowebsite.luong.fr\/?page_id=7881"},"modified":"2026-05-27T16:00:24","modified_gmt":"2026-05-27T16:00:24","slug":"the-essentials-of-unix","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hengowebsite.luong.fr\/?page_id=7881","title":{"rendered":"The Essentials of Unix"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h1>1.1 INTRODUCTION&nbsp;<\/h1>\n<h3>1.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS<\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">1.1.2 VERSIONS<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><div id=\"chat-main-container\" class=\"relative flex w-full flex-col overflow-hidden transition-all duration-200 flex-1\">\n<div class=\"scrollbar-hide relative flex w-full flex-1 flex-col items-center overflow-y-auto\">\n<div class=\"chat-container flex w-full flex-col gap-1.5 pb-3 lg:pb-6\">\n<div>\n<div id=\"last-message-container-2a221f5b-6cc8-454f-9a7e-5a808bea3353\" class=\"transition-all duration-200\">\n<div class=\"transition-all duration-200\">\n<div id=\"assistant-message-container\" data-message-id=\"2a221f5b-6cc8-454f-9a7e-5a808bea3353\">\n<div id=\"koah-labs-ad-container\">\n<div class=\"max-w-&#091;90%&#093; tracking-&#091;-0.64px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"space-y-4\">\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">1. Introduction<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Origin: created in the early 1970s in the Bell\u2013AT&amp;T laboratories.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Industrial expansion: in the early 1980s.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Current role: a major player in groupware and client\/server architectures.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">2. General Characteristics<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Multi\u2011user: several users can work at the same time.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Multitasking: multiple programs can run in parallel.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Multi\u2011platform: available on many different hardware platforms.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Multiprocessor support: can take advantage of machines with multiple processors.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">3. Performance and Positioning<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Unix solutions:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">provide performance levels comparable to proprietary systems,<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">offer equivalent functionality,<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">are often more attractive in terms of cost and scalability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">4. Spirit and Philosophy of Unix<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Unix is first and foremost a development system.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Everything is designed with programming in mind.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Key principle: modularity.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">There is a set of standard utilities.<br \/>\nThese utilities can be freely combined (a \u201ctoolbox\u201d approach).<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">5. Learning and Mastery<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">It requires a substantial amount of learning at the beginning (because of its rich functionality and openness).<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">In return:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">your level of expertise increases with regular practice,<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">the more you understand Unix, the more benefits you gain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">To feel comfortable with Unix, you need to know:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">its basic mechanisms,<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">the utilities and services it provides.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">6. Standards and Portability<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Although there are many Unix variants, the system is based on:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">several types of standards,<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">de facto standards, particularly for:\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">programming interfaces,<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">services.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">As a result, applications are highly portable, which is one of Unix\u2019s major strengths.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">7. Unix Strengths in Information System Architectures<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">There are many software solutions, for example:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">as a database management system (DBMS) server.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Networking:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">high quality and reliability around the TCP\/IP protocols.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Graphics:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">solutions based on the X Window System.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">All of this makes adopting Unix easy when choosing an information system architecture.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">1-\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17c2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u1796\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d6 \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17c5\u178a\u17be\u1798\u1791\u179f\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u17cd \u17e1\u17e9\u17e7\u17e0 \u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1798\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b8\u179a\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c4\u1792\u1793\u17cd Bell\u2013AT&amp;T\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u1784\u17d2\u179a\u17b8\u1780\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u17a0\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u17d6 \u1793\u17c5\u178a\u17be\u1798\u1791\u179f\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u17cd \u17e1\u17e9\u17e8\u17e0\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u178f\u17bd\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u17d6 \u1787\u17b6\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u179b\u17c1\u1784\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1798\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u179f\u17a0\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a (groupware) \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798 client\/server\u17d4<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">2-\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1791\u17bc\u1791\u17c5<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1796\u17a0\u17bb\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be (Multi\u2011user)\u17d6 \u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1796\u17a0\u17bb\u1797\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b7\u1785\u17d2\u1785 (Multitasking)\u17d6 \u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u179b\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1796\u17a0\u17bb\u179c\u17c1\u1791\u17b7\u1780\u17b6 (Multi\u2011platform)\u17d6 \u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179b\u17be\u179c\u17c1\u1791\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u179a\u17b9\u1784\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u17d7\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1782\u17b6\u17c6\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17a0\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u17d0\u179a (Multiprocessor support)\u17d6 \u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1799\u17c4\u1787\u1793\u17cd\u1796\u17b8\u1798\u17c9\u17b6\u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u1793\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u17d0\u179a\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u17d4<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">3-\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1791\u17b8\u178f\u17b6\u17c6\u1784<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17c4\u17c7\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799 Unix\u17d6<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c0\u1794\u1792\u17c0\u1794\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u1798\u17bb\u1781 (proprietary systems),<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1798\u17bb\u1781\u1784\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17be\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6,<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1787\u17b6\u1789\u17b9\u1780\u1789\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u17b6\u1789\u1787\u17b6\u1784 \u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u1784\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1790\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u178a\u17be\u1798 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1796\u1784\u17d2\u179a\u17b8\u1780 (scalability)\u17d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">4-\u179c\u17b7\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u179f\u17b6 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1791\u179f\u17d2\u179f\u1793\u179c\u17b7\u179f\u17d0\u1799\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb Unix<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Unix \u1782\u17ba\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17a2\u1797\u17b7\u179c\u178c\u17d2\u178d\u1793\u17cd\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u1782\u17c1\u1798\u17bb\u1793\u179f\u17b7\u1793\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u17a2\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u17d7\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1782\u17b7\u178f\u1782\u17bc\u179a\u1791\u17c5\u179b\u17be\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u179a\u179f\u17c1\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1782\u17c4\u179b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d6 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c2\u1784\u1785\u17c2\u1780\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17c9\u17bc\u178c\u17bb\u179b (modularity)\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a (standard utilities)\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u179f\u17c6\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u178a\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u178a\u17bc\u1784 (\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794 \u00ab\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17a2\u1794\u17cb\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u00bb \/ toolbox approach)\u17d4<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">5-\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u17c0\u1793 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1789<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u17c0\u1793\u179f\u17bc\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1793\u17c5\u178a\u17c6\u1794\u17bc\u1784 (\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u178f\u17c2\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17bc\u179a\u1798\u17bb\u1781\u1784\u17b6\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u17be\u1780\u1785\u17c6\u17a0)\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1787\u17b6\u1782\u17bb\u178e\u179c\u17b7\u1794\u17b6\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1789\u17d6<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1789\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1793\u17cd\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1785\u17b6\u17c6\u17d4<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1799\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u17b9\u1784 Unix \u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793 \u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1791\u1791\u17bd\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1799\u17c4\u1787\u1793\u17cd\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798\u17d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1795\u17b6\u179f\u17bb\u1780\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799 Unix \u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u178f\u17c2\u179f\u17d2\u1782\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u17d6<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1798\u17c1\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17b7\u0632\u0645\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793,<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u17d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">6-\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17c1\u179a<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1794\u17be\u1791\u17c4\u17c7\u1794\u17b8\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179c\u17c9\u17b6\u179a\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u1784\u17cb Unix \u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1780\u17cf\u178a\u17c4\u1799 \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u178f\u179b\u17be\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\u17d6<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791,<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c2\u1794 de facto \u1787\u17b6\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17d6\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u1785\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8 (programming interfaces),<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u17d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u179b\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1795\u179b\u17d6 \u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17c1\u179a\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb (high portability of applications) \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb Unix\u17d4<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">7-\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u1785\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb Unix \u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1796\u17d0\u178f\u17cc\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6<\/h3>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17c4\u17c7\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u17d6<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u17a7\u1791\u17b6\u17a0\u179a\u178e\u17cd \u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17c9\u17b6\u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u1793\u1798\u17c1\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u17b7\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1793\u17d0\u1799 (DBMS server)\u17d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1789 (Networking)\u17d6<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1782\u17bb\u178e\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u1785\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1787\u17bb\u17c6\u179c\u17b7\u1789\u1796\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a TCP\/IP\u17d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17a0\u17d2\u179c\u17b7\u1785 (Graphics)\u17d6<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17c4\u17c7\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u17a2\u17c2\u1780\u179b\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 X Window\u17d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u17a2\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1791\u1791\u17bd\u179b\u1799\u1780 Unix \u1780\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u1787\u17b6\u179a\u17bf\u1784\u1784\u17b6\u1799\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b \u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f\u179a\u17be\u179f\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1796\u17d0\u178f\u17cc\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u17d4<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u17be\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1785\u1784\u17cb \u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1795\u17d2\u1789\u17be\u1791\u17c6\u1796\u17d0\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u1791\u17c0\u178f \u17ac\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1794\u1791\u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u1791\u17c0\u178f\u17b2\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c2\u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1795\u1784\u17d4<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">1.1.1 COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">The components of the system can be represented as follows:<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"t-body font-semibold\">Kernel<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Written in the C language<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Performs the essential functions<br \/>\n(memory management, process management, input\/output, etc.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"t-body font-semibold\">File system<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Integrated into the kernel<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">The internal implementation and the resulting administration capabilities<br \/>\nare specific to each version, but the available commands and utilities<br \/>\nare, of course, common.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"t-body font-semibold\">Command languages (shells)<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Dual role: interpreter and programming language<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">The \u201cshell\u201d is a program external to the kernel; a login consists in<br \/>\nstarting the interpreter of one\u2019s choice.<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">The most widespread shells are:\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Korn shell (the recommended shell today)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">POSIX shell (standardized version of the Korn shell)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Bourne shell (the original shell)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">C shell (from the Berkeley versions)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Bash, for Bourne Again Shell (from the Open Source world)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"t-body font-semibold\">Available utilities and services<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Numerous commands for the user<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Compilers (C, C++, etc.)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Text editors (ed, vi, emacs, etc.)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Filters (text file processing tools)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">TCP\/IP network protocols<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">TCP\/IP applications and services\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">standard applications: telnet, ftp, \u201cremote commands,\u201d etc.<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">NFS file-sharing service<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">NIS centralized administration services<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">SNMP network management protocols<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Internet tools<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">X Window graphical interface system<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"t-body font-semibold\">Programming interfaces<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">System calls (C under Unix)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Network programming (sockets, TLI, RPCs)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">X Window programming<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">A multitude of freeware tools for development and administration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>1.1.1 \u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u200b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u17d6<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>Kernel<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u179f\u179a\u179f\u17c1\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1797\u17b6\u179f\u17b6 C<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1798\u17bb\u1781\u1784\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u1784\u17d7<br \/>\n(\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u1798\u17c1\u1798\u17c9\u17bc\u179a\u17b8 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\/\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u179b\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1795\u179b \u1787\u17b6\u178a\u17be\u1798)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17af\u1780\u179f\u17b6\u179a (File system)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1781\u17ba\u178e\u17c2\u179b<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1791\u1791\u17bd\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793<br \/>\n\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u200b\u1793\u17b8\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17d7 \u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b<br \/>\n\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u179c\u17b7\u1789 \u1782\u17ba\u1787\u17b6\u179a\u17bf\u1784\u1791\u17bc\u1791\u17c5\u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>\u1797\u17b6\u179f\u17b6\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6 (shells)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u178f\u17bd\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u17d6 \u1787\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1794\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c2 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1787\u17b6\u1797\u17b6\u179f\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17d2\u1792<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u00abShell\u00bb \u1782\u17ba\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17c5\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c5\u1781\u17ba\u178e\u17c2\u179b; \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 (login)<br \/>\n\u1782\u17ba\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1795\u17d2\u178a\u17be\u1798\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1794\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c2\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f\u179a\u17be\u179f\u17d4<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Shell \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1782\u17c1\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1794\u17c6\u1795\u17bb\u178f\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u17d6\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Korn shell (shell \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1795\u17d2\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17cd\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">POSIX shell (\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u1793\u17c3 Korn shell)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Bourne shell (shell \u178a\u17be\u1798)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">C shell (\u1798\u1780\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2 Berkeley)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Bash \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb Bourne Again Shell (\u1798\u1780\u1796\u17b8\u1796\u17b7\u1797\u1796 Open Source)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17b6\u1793<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1794\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c2\u1780\u17bc\u178a (compilers) (C, C++ \u1787\u17b6\u178a\u17be\u1798)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1780\u17c2\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1794\u1791 (text editors) (ed, vi, emacs \u1787\u17b6\u178a\u17be\u1798)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">Filters (\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17af\u1780\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1794\u1791)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1796\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u200b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u17b6\u1789 TCP\/IP<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798 TCP\/IP\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u17d6 telnet, ftp, \u00abremote commands\u00bb \u1787\u17b6\u178a\u17be\u1798<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u200b\u1785\u17c2\u1780\u179a\u17c6\u179b\u17c2\u1780\u17af\u1780\u179f\u17b6\u179a NFS<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u1780\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u17b6\u179b NIS<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1796\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u17b6\u1789 SNMP<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u1793\u1792\u17ba\u178e\u17b7\u178f<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u1785\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17a0\u17d2\u179c\u17b7\u1780 X Window<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1787\u17b6\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u1785\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u179a\u179f\u17c1\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8 (Programming interfaces)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">System calls (C \u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798 Unix)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u179a\u179f\u17c1\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u17b6\u1789 (sockets, TLI, RPCs)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u179a\u179f\u17c1\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8 X Window<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u17a5\u178f\u1782\u17b7\u178f\u1790\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1797\u17b7\u179c\u178c\u17d2\u178d \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">1.1.2 VERSIONS<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Unix currently comes in many different variants.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">The impact of these different versions is really significant only with regard to \u00ab\u00a0System Administration\u00a0\u00bb aspects and, to a lesser extent, \u00ab\u00a0Network Configuration\u00a0\u00bb aspects.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>Some major versions (in alphabetical order)<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>AIX<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">IBM (RS\/6000 and pSeries ranges) and BULL (Escala)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Versions 5, 4.3.x (PowerPC hardware)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www-1.ibm.com\/servers\/fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www-1.ibm.com\/servers\/fr<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ibm.com\/products\/fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.ibm.com\/products\/fr\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www-frec.bull.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www-frec.bull.com<\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>FreeBSD<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Versions 4.x (Intel, Alpha&#8230; platforms)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.freebsd.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.freebsd.org<\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>HP-UX<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">HP (HP9000 range)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Versions 10.x, 11.x and 11i<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hp.com\/products1\/unix\/operating\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.hp.com\/products1\/unix\/operating\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/docs.hp.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/docs.hp.com<\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>IRIX<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">SGI (Octane, O2, Onyx&#8230; range)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Versions 6.5.x (MIPS processors)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sgi.com\/software\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.sgi.com\/software<\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>LINUX<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">2.x kernel (various distributions on various platforms)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.linux.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.linux.org<\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>SCO<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Linux and UNIX distribution<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">OpenLinux, Open UNIX 8<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">SCO Open Server 5.x<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">UnixWare 7<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Intel and Itanium platforms<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sco.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.sco.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sco.com\/products\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.sco.com\/products\/<\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>Solaris<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">SUN (Sparc and Intel platforms)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Solaris 8, 9<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/wwws.sun.com\/software\/solaris\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/wwws.sun.com\/software\/solaris\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/docs.sun.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/docs.sun.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">1.1.2 \u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2 (VERSIONS)<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>\u179f\u17c1\u1785\u1780\u17d2\u178f\u17b8\u1795\u17d2\u178a\u17be\u1798<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793 Unix \u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u179a\u1784\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u17d7\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1795\u179b\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u17d7\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7 \u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u17c8\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1796\u17b7\u178f\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1780\u178a \u178f\u17c2\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u1785 \u00ab\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u200b\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u00bb \u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u178e\u17d2\u178e\u17c4\u17c7 \u17a0\u17be\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1795\u179b\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u178f\u17b7\u1785\u1787\u17b6\u1784 \u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u1785 \u00ab\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u200b\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u200b\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u200b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1789\u00bb \u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d7\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17c7 (\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179b\u17c6\u178a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u1798)<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>AIX<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">IBM (\u1787\u17bd\u179a RS\/6000 \u1793\u17b7\u1784 pSeries) \u1793\u17b7\u1784 BULL (Escala)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2 5, 4.3.x (\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u179a\u17b9\u1784 PowerPC)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www-1.ibm.com\/servers\/fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www-1.ibm.com\/servers\/fr<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ibm.com\/products\/fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.ibm.com\/products\/fr\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www-frec.bull.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www-frec.bull.com<\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>FreeBSD<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2 4.x (\u179c\u17c1\u1791\u17b7\u1780\u17b6 Intel, Alpha&#8230;)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.freebsd.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.freebsd.org<\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>HP-UX<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">HP (\u1787\u17bd\u179a HP9000)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2 10.x, 11.x \u1793\u17b7\u1784 11i<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hp.com\/products1\/unix\/operating\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.hp.com\/products1\/unix\/operating\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/docs.hp.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/docs.hp.com<\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>IRIX<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">SGI (\u1787\u17bd\u179a Octane, O2, Onyx&#8230;)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2 6.5.x (\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a MIPS)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sgi.com\/software\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.sgi.com\/software<\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>LINUX<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1781\u17ba\u178e\u17c2\u179b 2.x (\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c2\u1780\u1785\u17b6\u1799\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793 \u1793\u17c5\u179b\u17be\u179c\u17c1\u1791\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u17d7\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.linux.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.linux.org<\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>SCO<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c2\u1780\u1785\u17b6\u1799 Linux \u1793\u17b7\u1784 UNIX<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">OpenLinux, Open UNIX 8<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">SCO Open Server 5.x<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">UnixWare 7<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u179c\u17c1\u1791\u17b7\u1780\u17b6 Intel \u1793\u17b7\u1784 Itanium<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sco.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.sco.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sco.com\/products\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/www.sco.com\/products\/<\/a><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>Solaris<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">SUN (\u179c\u17c1\u1791\u17b7\u1780\u17b6 Sparc \u1793\u17b7\u1784 Intel)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Solaris 8, 9<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/wwws.sun.com\/software\/solaris\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/wwws.sun.com\/software\/solaris\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><a class=\"pressable items-center justify-center text-sm font-medium transition-all outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-stroke-weak disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive\/40 &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:pointer-events-none &#091;&amp;_svg&#093;:shrink-0 inline !h-auto shrink gap-0 rounded-none !px-0 !py-0 whitespace-normal text-icon-active underline underline-offset-2 hover:!bg-transparent hover:text-icon-active\/80 h-11 px-4 py-2 has-&#091;&gt;svg&#093;:px-3\" href=\"http:\/\/docs.sun.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slot=\"button\">http:\/\/docs.sun.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-13  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>1.2 WORKING ENVIRONMENT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Unix was originally a command-line\u2013oriented system, which you access via an asynchronous text terminal.<\/p>\n<p>The evolution of technologies and the emergence of network solutions and graphical interfaces have broadened the possible ways to connect.<\/p>\n<p>Graphical environments are becoming increasingly widespread and standardized.<\/p>\n<p>A good command of the syntax of commands and utilities is still necessary for IT professionals, regardless of their connection environment.<\/p>\n<p>Depending on the type of activity, there are several ways to connect to Unix:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Asynchronous text-mode terminal<\/li>\n<li>X terminal<\/li>\n<li>X workstation<\/li>\n<li>Non-Unix workstation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>An X terminal is directly connected to the network and receives a \u201clogin banner\u201d allowing the X Window interface to be started.<\/p>\n<p>The IT specialist can, in particular, open a number of terminal emulator windows and thus have several simultaneous connections on the same workstation.<\/p>\n<p>An X workstation is a Unix machine equipped with a graphics screen used as a console.<\/p>\n<p>An X workstation provides the same working environment as an X terminal.<\/p>\n<p>From an operating system that implements the TCP\/IP protocols, it is possible, via applications built on these protocols, to connect to a Unix machine on the network.<\/p>\n<p>This connection can be made either:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>in text mode via the telnet emulator, or<\/li>\n<li>in graphical mode if X Window emulation software is available.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There is a wide range of software available, particularly for Microsoft Windows environments.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-15  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>1.2 <\/strong><strong>\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1784\u17b6\u179a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Unix \u178a\u17c6\u1794\u17bc\u1784\u1782\u17c1 \u1782\u17ba\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u200b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1795\u17d2\u17a2\u17c2\u1780\u200b\u179b\u17be\u200b\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u200b\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u200b\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u200b\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u200b\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u200b\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8 terminal \u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u200b\u17a2\u179f\u1798\u1780\u17b6\u179b (asynchronous text terminal) \u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17d4<\/p>\n<p>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b7\u179c\u178c\u17d2\u178d\u1793\u17cd\u200b\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u200b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u200b\u1780\u17be\u178f\u200b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17c4\u17c7\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u200b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1789 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u200b\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u1785\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u200b\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17a0\u17d2\u179c\u17b7\u1780 \u1794\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1796\u1784\u17d2\u179a\u17b8\u1780\u200b\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u200b\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d2\u178f\u200b\u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u17d7\u200b\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17d4<\/p>\n<p>\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17a0\u17d2\u179c\u17b7\u1780\u200b\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u200b\u1780\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u200b\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u17a2\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u200b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u200b\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17c6\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17b6\u1799 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u200b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u200b\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u200b\u178f\u17c2\u200b\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u200b\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u17d4<\/p>\n<p>\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1789\u200b\u179b\u17d2\u17a2\u200b\u179b\u17be\u200b\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u1793\u17d2\u1792 (syntax) \u1793\u17c3\u200b\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u200b\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u200b\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd (utilities) \u1793\u17c5\u200b\u178f\u17c2\u200b\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u17a2\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u200b\u1785\u17b6\u17c6\u1794\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u200b\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u200b\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1789\u1796\u17d0\u178f\u17cc\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6 (IT professionals) \u1798\u17b7\u1793\u200b\u1790\u17b6\u200b\u1796\u17bd\u1780\u1782\u17c1\u200b\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u200b\u1798\u1780\u200b\u1796\u17b8\u200b\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u200b\u178e\u17b6\u200b\u1780\u17cf\u200b\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u17d4<\/p>\n<p>\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d0\u1799\u200b\u179b\u17be\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u200b\u179f\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1798\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u200b\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u200b\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u200b\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u1785\u17bc\u179b Unix \u17d6<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>terminal \u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u200b\u1798\u17bc\u178a\u200b\u17a2\u179f\u1798\u1780\u17b6\u179b (asynchronous text\u2011mode terminal)<\/li>\n<li>terminal X<\/li>\n<li>workstation X<\/li>\n<li>workstation \u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17c2\u1793 Unix<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>terminal X \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u200b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u200b\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u200b\u1791\u17c5\u200b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1789 \u17a0\u17be\u1799\u200b\u1791\u1791\u17bd\u179b\u200b\u1794\u17b6\u1793 \u201clogin banner\u201d \u1798\u17bd\u1799 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u200b\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178f\u200b\u17b2\u17d2\u1799\u200b\u1785\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1795\u17d2\u178a\u17be\u1798\u200b\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u1785\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb X Window\u17d4<\/p>\n<p>\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u200b\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1789 IT \u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u200b\u1794\u17be\u1780\u200b\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a2\u17bd\u1785 emulator terminal \u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793 \u17a0\u17be\u1799\u200b\u178a\u17bc\u1785\u17d2\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u200b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u200b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u200b\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u200b\u1798\u17d2\u178a\u1784\u200b\u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17bd\u1799 \u179b\u17be workstation \u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u200b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u17d4<\/p>\n<p>workstation X \u1782\u17ba\u200b\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1798\u17c9\u17b6\u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u1793 Unix \u1798\u17bd\u1799 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u200b\u1794\u17c6\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u200b\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u200b\u17a2\u17c1\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u17cb\u200b\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17a0\u17d2\u179c\u17b7\u1780 \u17a0\u17be\u1799\u200b\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u200b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u200b\u1787\u17b6 console \u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17d4<\/p>\n<p>workstation X \u1795\u17d2\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u200b\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u200b\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1784\u17b6\u179a\u200b\u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u200b\u1793\u17b9\u1784 terminal X\u17d4<\/p>\n<p>\u1785\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1796\u17b8\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u200b\u1798\u17bd\u1799 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u200b\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u200b\u1796\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a TCP\/IP \u179a\u17bd\u1785\u179a\u17b6\u179b\u17cb \u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u200b\u178f\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u1791\u17c5\u200b\u1798\u17c9\u17b6\u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u1793 Unix \u1798\u17bd\u1799\u200b\u1793\u17c5\u200b\u179b\u17be\u200b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1789 \u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u200b\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u200b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u200b\u179f\u1784\u17cb\u200b\u179b\u17be\u200b\u1796\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u200b\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u200b\u1793\u17c4\u17c7\u17d4<\/p>\n<p>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u200b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u200b\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u200b\u1794\u17b6\u1793 \u17d6<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1798\u17bc\u178a\u200b\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a \u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8 telnet emulator \u1798\u17bd\u1799 \u17ac<\/li>\n<li>\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1798\u17bc\u178a\u200b\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17a0\u17d2\u179c\u17b7\u1780 \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1793\u200b\u1794\u17be\u200b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8 emulate X Window \u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u200b\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u200b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u200b\u179a\u1780\u200b\u1794\u17b6\u1793 \u1787\u17b6\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u200b\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793 Microsoft Windows\u17d4<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-17  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">1.3 FIRST STEPS IN UNIX<\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">1.3.1 LOGGING INTO THE SYSTEM<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">To log into the system, you must have a login name (login) to which it is recommended, or even mandatory, to associate a password.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Each login is placed, when it is created by the administrator, in a primary group.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">It may also belong to supplementary or secondary groups in order to benefit from a broader range of file access rights.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">There is a privileged user with the traditional name root (internal number 0) who corresponds to the administrator and has full powers over the system.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">A login session consists in the execution of a shell (command interpreter).<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">This login shell (a program external to the kernel) is chosen when the login is created. Its role is to display a prompt and to interpret the command lines typed by the user, until the user requests to log out.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">The original Bourne shell (sh or bsh) is still used for programming.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">The Korn shell (ksh) is the recommended interpreter because of its rich functionality and its standardized nature for programming.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">In this respect, it is a superset of the original Bourne shell.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">The C shell (csh) provided convenient interactive features on systems where the Korn shell was not available. Its use is becoming more and more marginal.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">BASH (bash) is the Open Source version. It offers an improvement over the Korn shell and C shell versions, while ensuring upward compatibility with the Bourne shell.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">&nbsp;<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-19  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">1.3 \u1787\u17c6\u17a0\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c6\u1794\u17bc\u1784\u179b\u17be Unix<\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">1.3.1 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1791\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1791\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 \u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1788\u17d2\u1798\u17c4\u17c7\u1785\u17bc\u179b (login) \u1798\u17bd\u1799 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1795\u17d2\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u17b2\u17d2\u1799 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1784\u17b6\u178f\u17cb (password) \u1798\u17bd\u1799 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178e\u17c2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6 \u17ac\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u17b6\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u179a\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u179a\u17b6\u179b\u17cb login \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u17b2\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u178f\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1798\u1798\u17c1\u1798\u17bd\u1799 \u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179c\u17b6\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u179c\u17b6\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1780\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u1787\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u1787\u17b7\u1780\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1798\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798 \u17ac\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1798\u179a\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u1791\u17c0\u178f \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1791\u1791\u17bd\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1787\u17bd\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u17b7\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17af\u1780\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17c6\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u1798\u17bb\u1793\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u17b7\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb \u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1788\u17d2\u1798\u17c4\u17c7\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17c3\u178e\u17b8\u1790\u17b6 root (\u179b\u17c1\u1781\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784 0) \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1784\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u17a2\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1785\u1796\u17c1\u1789\u179b\u17c1\u1789\u179b\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u179f\u1798\u17d0\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1798\u17bd\u1799 (login session) \u1782\u17ba\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb shell \u1798\u17bd\u1799 (\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1794\u1780\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6)\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">shell \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17bc\u179b (login shell) \u1793\u17c1\u17c7 \u1782\u17ba\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17c5\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c5 kernel \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f\u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f login\u17d4 \u1797\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b7\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u179c\u17b6\u1782\u17ba\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789 prompt (\u179f\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u17a2\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17be\u1789\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6) \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1794\u1780\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179c\u17b6\u1799 \u1785\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u178f\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1796\u17b8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u179a\u17a0\u17bc\u178f\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f\u17d2\u1793\u17be\u1785\u1784\u17cb\u1785\u17c1\u1789 (logout)\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Bourne shell \u178a\u17be\u1798 (sh \u17ac bsh) \u1793\u17c5\u178f\u17c2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Korn shell (ksh) \u1782\u17ba\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u17a2\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1794\u1780\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u200b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1795\u17d2\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17cd \u1796\u17b8\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1798\u17bb\u1781\u1784\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u17b9\u1784\u1798\u17b6\u17c6 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u179f\u17d2\u178a\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1791\u17b7\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1793\u17c1\u17c7 \u179c\u17b6\u1787\u17b6\u179f\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u17c6\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17c3\u179b\u17be (superset) \u1793\u17c3 Bourne shell \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">C shell (csh) \u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1795\u17d2\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u17a2\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179b\u17d2\u17a2\u179b\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 \u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b Korn shell \u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u17d4 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u178f\u17c2\u178f\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17bd\u1785\u1785\u17bb\u17c7\u17d7\u1791\u17c5\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">BASH (bash) \u1782\u17ba\u1787\u17b6 version \u1794\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17b6\u1799 (Open Source)\u17d4 \u179c\u17b6\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17d2\u17a2\u179b\u17be Korn shell \u1793\u17b7\u1784 C shell \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1786\u1794\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179b\u17be (upward compatibility) \u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799 Bourne shell\u17d4<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-21  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">Command line syntax<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">command<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">[-option(s)]<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">[argument(s)]<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>command<\/strong><br \/>\nexecutable file or internal shell command<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>options<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">simple options<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">sequence of alphanumeric characters<br \/>\n$ ls -il<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">options with arguments<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">keyword option_argument<br \/>\n$ ps -u stagel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">arguments &amp;<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">They are often file names<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">(abridged) which will be processed by the shell before invoking the command<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">$ ls -il exemple<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Of course, some commands do not follow this basic syntax.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Furthermore, more advanced mechanisms (redirections, pipelines, etc.) enrich this command line.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">The following chapters will gradually present these additional aspects.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">Special characters<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Unix distinguishes between lowercase and uppercase.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">All commands are in lowercase.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>Deleting a character<\/strong><br \/>\nkey \u201cBackspace\u201d (Ctrl H)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>Deleting the whole line<\/strong><br \/>\nkeys @ or Ctrl U<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>Logout<\/strong><br \/>\nkeys Ctrl D or exit<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">&nbsp;<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-23  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">[-\u1787\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f(\u0c97\u0cb3\u0cc1)]<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">[\u17a2\u17b6\u1782\u17d2\u1799\u17bc\u1798\u17c9\u1784\u17cb(\u0c97\u0cb3\u0cc1)]<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6 (command)<\/strong><br \/>\n\u17af\u1780\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7 (executable file) \u17ac\u200b\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17c3\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u200b\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb shell<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>\u1787\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f (options)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1787\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u179b\u17c6\u178a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u178f\u17bd\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u200b\u179b\u17c1\u1781 (alphanumeric)<br \/>\n$ ls -il<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1787\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f\u200b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u17a2\u17b6\u1782\u17d2\u1799\u17bc\u1798\u17c9\u1784\u17cb<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1782\u1793\u17d2\u179b\u17b9\u17c7 \u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u200b\u17a2\u17b6\u1782\u17d2\u1799\u17bc\u1798\u17c9\u1784\u17cb\u200b\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u200b\u1787\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f<br \/>\n$ ps -u stagel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">arguments &amp;<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u179c\u17b6\u1787\u17b6\u1789\u17b9\u1780\u1789\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1788\u17d2\u1798\u17c4\u17c7\u200b\u17af\u1780\u179f\u17b6\u179a<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">(\u1791\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb) \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u200b\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u200b\u178a\u17c4\u1799 shell \u1798\u17bb\u1793\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u200b\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">$ ls -il exemple<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1784 \u1798\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1785\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u1793\u200b\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u200b\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u200b\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u200b\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u200b\u1791\u17c1\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1796\u17b8\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u1791\u17c5\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1797\u17b6\u1782 \u1798\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179b\u17c6\u1794\u17b6\u1780\u200b\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7 (redirect, pipeline \u1787\u17b6\u178a\u17be\u1798) \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798\u179b\u17be\u200b\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u200b\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1787\u17c6\u1796\u17bc\u1780\u200b\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17d7 \u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u200b\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798\u200b\u1796\u17b8\u200b\u17af\u1780\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u200b\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17d4<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">\u178f\u17bd\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Unix \u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u200b\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784\u200b\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u178f\u17bc\u1785 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u200b\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u1792\u17c6 (case\u2011sensitive)\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17a2\u179f\u17cb \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u179f\u179a\u179f\u17c1\u179a\u200b\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u200b\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u178f\u17bc\u1785\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>\u179b\u17bb\u1794\u178f\u17c2\u200b\u178f\u17bd\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u200b\u1798\u17bd\u1799<\/strong><br \/>\n\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1785\u17bb\u1785 \u201cBackspace\u201d (Ctrl H)<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>\u179b\u17bb\u1794\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u200b\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1798\u17bc\u179b<\/strong><br \/>\n\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1785\u17bb\u1785 @ \u17ac Ctrl U<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1796\u17b8\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 (logout)<\/strong><br \/>\n\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1785\u17bb\u1785 Ctrl D \u17ac exit<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-25  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">1.3.2 FIRST SIMPLE COMMANDS<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">clear<br \/>\nClear the screen.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Command without options or parameters.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">who<br \/>\nDisplay the list of connected users.<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">$ who&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">&nbsp;root&nbsp; &nbsp;console&nbsp; Oct 17 08:07<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">stage3&nbsp; pts\/3&nbsp; &nbsp; Oct 17 12:07<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">stage5&nbsp; tty01&nbsp; &nbsp; Oct 17 09:30<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">stagel&nbsp; tty02&nbsp; &nbsp; Oct 17 10:55<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">With the -q option, the command gives a summarized list of the users as well as the number of connected users.<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">$ who -q<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">&nbsp;root stage3 stage5 stage1 <\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\"># users=4&nbsp;<\/code><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">who am i<br \/>\nIdentify the user connected on the terminal.<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">$ who am i<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">stagel  tty02  Oct 17 10:55<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">tty<br \/>\nIdentify the terminal.<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div>$ tty&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">\/dev\/tty02<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">&nbsp;<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-27  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">\u17e1.\u17e3.\u17e2 \u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u179f\u17b6\u1798\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u200b\u178a\u17c6\u1794\u17bc\u1784<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">clear<br \/>\n\u1787\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17c7\u17a2\u17c1\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u17cb\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1798\u17bd\u1799 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u200b\u1782\u17d2\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1787\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f (options) \u17ac\u200b\u1794\u17c9\u17b6\u179a\u17c9\u17b6\u1798\u17c9\u17c2\u178f\u17d2\u179a (parameters) \u178e\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17d4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">who<br \/>\n\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u200b\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b8\u200b\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u200b\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u200b\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17d4<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">$ who&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">&nbsp;root&nbsp; &nbsp;console&nbsp; Oct 17 08:07<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">stage3&nbsp; pts\/3&nbsp; &nbsp; Oct 17 12:07<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">stage5&nbsp; tty01&nbsp; &nbsp; Oct 17 09:30<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">stagel&nbsp; tty02&nbsp; &nbsp; Oct 17 10:55<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u200b\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u200b\u1787\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f -q \u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1793\u17c1\u17c7 \u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u200b\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b8\u200b\u179f\u1784\u17d2\u1781\u17c1\u1794\u200b\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u200b\u1780\u17cf\u200b\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u200b\u1785\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u1793\u200b\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u200b\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u200b\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u1795\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179a\u17d4<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$ who -q<br \/>\n#users$ =4<br \/>\nroot stage3 stage5 stage1<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">who am i<br \/>\n\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u179f\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178e\u200b\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u200b\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u200b\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u200b\u1793\u17c5\u200b\u179b\u17be terminal \u17d4<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$ who am i<br \/>\nstagel  tty02  Oct 17 10:55<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">tty<br \/>\n\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u179f\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178e terminal \u17d4<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">$ tty&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$ \/dev\/tty02<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-29  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>id<\/strong><br \/>\nIdentify the login name and the names of the groups (primary and secondary).<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$ id<br \/>\nuid=1001(stagel) gid=1000(stage) groups=1(staff)<br \/>\n$ id stage2<br \/>\nuid=1002(stage2) gid=1000(stage) groups=1(staff)<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>echo<\/strong><br \/>\nDisplay the list of parameters, separating them with a space and ending with a newline.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">The command interprets a few conventional characters:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\\n extra newline<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\\b backspace<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\\c cancel the default newline<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\\t tabulation<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\\r carriage return<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\\0n character whose ASCII code is <em>n<\/em> (in octal, for example: 007 for Ctrl+G)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">You must use double quotes (\u00a0\u00bb \u00ab\u00a0) for these characters to be interpreted correctly and to avoid conflicts with the shell\u2019s special characters.<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$ echo Bienvenue chez e-Center<br \/>\nBienvenue chez e-Center<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$ echo \"\\tA bientot\\nchez e-Center\\t\\c\"<br \/>\nA bientot<br \/>\nchez e-Center $&nbsp;<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-31  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h3 class=\"t-title-3 font-semibold\">&nbsp;<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>id<\/strong><br \/>\n\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u179f\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178e\u1788\u17d2\u1798\u17c4\u17c7 login \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1788\u17d2\u1798\u17c4\u17c7\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1798 (\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1798\u1798\u17c1 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1798\u179a\u1784)\u17d4<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$ id<br \/>\nuid=1001(stagel) gid=1000(stage) groups=1(staff)<br \/>\n$ id stage2<br \/>\nuid=1002(stage2) gid=1000(stage) groups=1(staff)<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\"><strong>echo<\/strong><br \/>\n\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1794\u17c9\u17b6\u179a\u17c9\u17b6\u1798\u17c9\u17c2\u178f\u17d2\u179a (arguments) \u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17a2\u179f\u17cb \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1785\u1793\u17d2\u179b\u17c4\u17c7 \u17a0\u17be\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u1794\u17cb\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17bb\u17c7\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1793\u17c1\u17c7 \u1794\u1780\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u17bd\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1785\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u1793\u17d6<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ml-6 list-disc space-y-4\">\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\\n \u1785\u17bb\u17c7\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\\b \u179b\u17bb\u1794\u178f\u17bd\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u1798\u17bb\u1793\u1798\u17bd\u1799 (backspace)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\\c \u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17bb\u17c7\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u179b\u17be\u1780\u1785\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1799 (\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1794\u1784\u17cb newline \u179b\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u178a\u17be\u1798)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\\t \u1790\u17c1\u1794 (tabulation)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\\r carriage return (\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17a1\u1794\u17cb\u1791\u17c5\u178a\u17be\u1798\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb)<\/li>\n<li class=\"t-body-small font-normal my-4\">\\0n \u178f\u17bd\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179b\u17c1\u1781\u1780\u17bc\u178a ASCII \u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bc\u179b \u17e8 \u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17be <em>n<\/em> (\u17a7\u1791\u17b6\u17a0\u179a\u178e\u17cd 007 \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb Ctrl+G)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be \u00ab double quotes \u00bb (\u00a0\u00bb \u00ab\u00a0) \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u17b2\u17d2\u1799\u178f\u17bd\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u1780\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c \u17a0\u17be\u1799\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1787\u17c0\u179f\u179c\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u178f\u17bd\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb shell \u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u17d7\u17d4<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$ echo Bienvenue chez e-Center<br \/>\nBienvenue chez e-Center<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$&nbsp; echo \"\\tA bientot\\nchez e-Center\\t\\c\"<br \/>\nA bientot<br \/>\nchez e-Center $<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-33  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">passwd<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">passwd is used to set or change a password. Whether a password is mandatory, the syntax constraints and the validity periods all vary depending on the version and\/or the choices made by the system administrator.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">On all versions, only the first eight characters of the password are significant.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Command with no echo \u21d2 password must be entered twice:<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">text<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">&amp;#36; passwd<br \/>\nNew password:<br \/>\nRe-enter new password:<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Syntax constraint:<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">text<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">&amp;#36; passwd<br \/>\nold password:<br \/>\nNew password:<br \/>\nPassword is too short - must be at least 6 characters<br \/>\nNew password:<br \/>\nReenter new password:<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Input error:<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">text<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">&amp;#36; passwd<br \/>\nold password:<br \/>\nSorry.<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">date<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">Display the system date.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">The administrator can change the date using this command.<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">This command is an example of options that are unusual compared with the classical syntax.<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">text<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">&amp;#36; date<br \/>\nMon Jan 03 17:27:53 WET 2000<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&amp;#36; date &lsquo;+Il est &amp;H:&amp;M&rsquo;<br \/>\nIl est 17:28<\/p>\n<p>&amp;#36; date &lsquo;+&amp;T&rsquo;<br \/>\n17:28:28<\/p>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div><code class=\"language-text\"><\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-35  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">passwd<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6 passwd \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb \u17ac\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178a\u17bc\u179a\u200b\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1784\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u17d4 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1784\u17b6\u178f\u17cb \u17ac\u17a2\u178f\u17cb \u1780\u17cf\u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u17cb\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799 (syntax) \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u17bb\u1796\u179b\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u200b\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d0\u1799\u179b\u17be\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\/\u17ac \u1787\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17a2\u179f\u17cb \u1798\u17b6\u1793\u178f\u17c2\u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a \u17e8 \u178f\u17bd\u178a\u17c6\u1794\u17bc\u1784\u200b\u1793\u17c3\u200b\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1784\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u200b\u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u178e\u17d2\u178e\u17c4\u17c7 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1782\u17c1\u1785\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u1790\u17b6\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1793\u17c1\u17c7 \u1780\u17b6\u179b\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1784\u17b6\u178f\u17cb \u17a2\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u179b\u17be\u17a2\u17c1\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u17cb\u17a1\u17be\u1799 (no echo) \u178a\u17bc\u1785\u17d2\u1793\u17c1\u17c7 \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1784\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u200b\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u178a\u1784\u17d6<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$ passwd<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">New password:<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">Re-enter new password:<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u17cb\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799 (syntax constraint)\u17d6<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$ passwd<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">old password:<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">New password:<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">Password is too short - must be at least 6 characters<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">New password:<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">Reenter new password:<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1780\u17c6\u17a0\u17bb\u179f\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179c\u17b6\u1799 (input error)\u17d6<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">text<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$ passwd<br \/>\nold password:<br \/>\nSorry.<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4 class=\"t-title-4 font-semibold\">date<\/h4>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6 date \u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u200b\u1780\u17b6\u179b\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1785\u17d2\u1786\u17c1\u1791 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1798\u17c9\u17c4\u1784\u200b\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u200b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u200b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178a\u17bc\u179a\u200b\u1780\u17b6\u179b\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1785\u17d2\u1786\u17c1\u1791\u200b\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u200b\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u17d4<\/p>\n<p class=\"t-body-small font-normal break-words whitespace-pre-wrap\">\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u200b\u1787\u17b6\u200b\u17a7\u1791\u17b6\u17a0\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u200b\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u200b\u1793\u17c3\u200b\u1787\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f (options) \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u200b\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u17cb\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u200b\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1794\u17d2\u179b\u17c2\u1780\u200b\u1796\u17b8_Syntax_ \u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6 (classical syntax)\u17d4<\/p>\n<div class=\"relative w-full text-sm rounded-lg border border-surface-weak bg-background\">\n<div class=\"mb-2 flex items-center justify-between rounded-t-md bg-surface-weak px-4 pr-0\">\n<div class=\"text-xs text-muted-foreground\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$ date<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">Mon Jan 03 17:27:53 WET 2000<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<div><code class=\"language-text\">$ date&nbsp; +%H%M'<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><code class=\"language-text\">Il est 17:28<\/code><\/p>\n<p><code class=\"language-text\"><br \/>\n<\/code><code class=\"language-text\">$ date '+&amp;T'<br \/>\n17:28:28<\/code><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>$ date &lsquo;+T&rsquo;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-37  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Cliquer ici pour ajouter votre propre texte<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/p>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-39  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Cliquer ici pour ajouter votre propre texte<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-41  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Cliquer ici pour ajouter votre propre texte<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   avia-builder-el-43  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Cliquer ici pour ajouter votre propre texte<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  avia-builder-el-45  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_textblock  column-top-margin\" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Cliquer ici pour ajouter votre propre texte<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Cliquer ici pour ajouter votre propre texte<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hengowebsite.luong.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7881"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hengowebsite.luong.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hengowebsite.luong.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hengowebsite.luong.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hengowebsite.luong.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7881"}],"version-history":[{"count":43,"href":"https:\/\/hengowebsite.luong.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7881\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7932,"href":"https:\/\/hengowebsite.luong.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7881\/revisions\/7932"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hengowebsite.luong.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7881"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}